Volume 40, Issue 1 Pages 33-61. LL Abstract: In this article, Raymond and Zimmerman use a corpus of 40 calls to 911 about the same event - a fire on the Pacific coast - to examine how callers and call-takers negotiate rights and responsibilities in their talk and the ways these rights affect actions and trajectories of 911 calls. 116 Chinese Linguist jobs available on Indeed.com. Apply to Linguist, Monitoring Specialist and more!
1.1 Why do we need corpus data?
Linguist 1 911 Carrera
- There is an unnecessary dichotomy in linguistics
- “intuiting” linguistic data
- Inventing sentences exemplifying the phenomenon under investigation and then judging their grammaticality
- Corpus data
- Highlight the importance of language use in real context
- Highlight the linguistic tendency in the population (from a sample)
- “intuiting” linguistic data
- Strengths of Corpus Data
- Data reliability
- How sure can we be that other people will arrive at the same observations/patterns/conclusions using the same method?
- Can others replicate the same logical reasoning in intuiting data?
- Can others make the same “grammatical judgement”?
- How sure can we be that other people will arrive at the same observations/patterns/conclusions using the same method?
- Data validity
- How well do we understand what real world phenomenon that the data correspond to?
- Can we know more about language based on one man’s constructed sentences or his grammatical judgement?
- Can we better generalize our insights from one man’s intuition or the group minds (population vs. sample vs. one-man)?
- How well do we understand what real world phenomenon that the data correspond to?
- Data reliability
1.2 What is corpus?
- This can be tricky: different disciplines, different definitions
- Literature
- History
- Sociology
- Field Linguistics
- Linguistic Corpus in corpus linguistics (Stefanowitch 2019)
- Authentic
- Representative
- Large
- A few well-received definitions
“a collection of texts which have been selected and brought together so that language can be studied on the computer” (Wynne 2005)
“A corpus is a collection of pieces of language text in electronic form, selected according to external criteria to represent, as far as possible, a language or language variety as a source of data for linguistic research.” (John Sinclair in (Wynne 2005))
“A corpus refers to a machine-readable collection of (spoken or written) texts that were produced in a natural communitive setting, and in which the collection of texts is compiled with the intention (1) to be representative and balanced with respect to a particular linguistic language, variety, register, or genre and (2) to be analyzed linguistically.” (Gries 2018)
1.3 What is a corpus linguistic study?
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- CL characteristics
- No general agreement as to what it is
- Not a very homogenous methodological framework
- (Compared to other sub-disciplines in linguistics) It’s quite new
- Intertwined with many linguistic fields
- Interactional linguistics, cognitive linguistics, functional syntax, usage-based grammar etc.
- Stylometry, computational linguistics, NLP, digital humanities, text mining, sentiment analysis
- Corpus-based vs. Corpus-driven (cf. Tognini-Bonelli 2001)
- Corpus-based studies:
- Typically use corpus data in order to explore a theory or hypothesis, aiming to validate it, refute it or refine it.
- Take corpus linguistics as a method
- Corpus-driven studies:
- Typically reject the characterization of corpus linguistics as a method
- Claim instead that the corpus itself should be the sole source of our hypotheses about language
- It is thus claimed that the corpus itself embodies a theory of language (Tognini-Bonelli 2001, 84–85)
- Corpus-based studies:
- Stefanowitch (2019) defines Corpus Linguistics as follows:
Corpus linguistics is the investigation of linguistic research questions that have been framed in terms of the conditional distribution of linguistic phenomena in a linguistic corpus
- More on Conditional Distribution
- An exhaustive investigation
- Text-processing technology
- Retrieval and coding
- Regular expressions
- Common methods
- KWIC concordances
- Collocates
- Frequency lists
- Text-processing technology
- A systematic investigation
- The distribution of a linguistic phenomenon under particular conditions (e.g. lexical, syntactic, social, pragmatic etc. contexts)
- Statistical properties of language
- An exhaustive investigation
- Examples
- When do English speakers use the complementizer that?
- What are the differences between small and little?
- When do English speaker choose “He picked up the book” vs. “He picked the book up”?
- When do English speaker place the adverbial clauses before the matrix clause?
- Do speakers use different phrases in different genres?
- Is the word “gay” used differently across different time periods?
- Do L2 learners use similar collocation patterns as do L1 speakers?
- Do speakers of different socio-economic classes talk differently?
Linguist 1 911 Dispatcher
1.4 Additional Information on CL
- Important Journals in Corpus Linguistics
- Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
- International Journal of Corpus Linguistics
- Corpora
- Applied Linguistics
- Computational Linguistics
- Digital scholarship in the Humanities
- Language Teaching
- Language Learning
- Journal of Second Language Writing
- CALL
- Language Teaching Research
- ReCALL
- System
- Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
References
Gries, Stefan Th. 2018. Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction. 2nd ed. Routledge. Design email template.
Stefanowitch, Anatol. 2019. Corpus Linguistics: A Guide to the Methodology. Language Science Press. http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/148.
Tognini-Bonelli, E. 2001. Corpus Linguistics at Work. John Benjamins.
Wynne, Martin. 2005. Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice (Ahds Guides to Good Practice. Oxbow Books.
Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.First edition
9-11 is a collection of essays by and interviews with Noam Chomsky first published in November 2001 in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center.[1] The revised edition of 2011, 9-11: Was There an Alternative?, includes the entire text of the original book, together with a new essay by Chomsky, 'Was There an Alternative?'[2]
Content[edit]
9-11 (first edition of 2001)[edit]
Virtualhostx 8 7 15 inch. In the original edition of 9-11 from November 2001, Chomsky places the September 11 attacks in context and traces the history of American intervention in the Middle East and throughout Latin America as well as in Indonesia, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan – at the same time warning against America's increasing reliance on military rhetoric and violence in its response to the attacks, and making a critical[opinion] point that few other commentators were making[original research?], that any escalation of violence as a response to violence would inevitably lead to further, and bloodier, attacks on innocents in America and around the world.[1]
Linguist 1 911 Pilot
The first edition of 9-11 was published in more than two dozen countries and appeared on several bestseller lists, including those of The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, and The New York Times.[3] An article about it in The New Yorker stated, '9-11 was practically the only counter-narrative out there at a time when questions tended to be drowned out by a chorus, led by the entire United States Congress, of 'God Bless America.' It was one of the few places where the other side of the case could be found.'[4]
9-11: Was There an Alternative? (extended edition of 2011)[edit]
The extended edition of the book, published in September 2011, includes a new essay by Chomsky which examines the impact and consequences of US foreign policy up to the killing of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan, and reflects on what may have resulted if the crimes against humanity committed on 9/11 had been 'approached as a crime, with an international operation to apprehend the likely suspects.'[2]
References[edit]
- ^ abChomsky, Noam (2001). 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN978-1-58322-489-2.
- ^ abChomsky, Noam (2011). 9-11: Was There an Alternative?. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN978-1-60980-343-8.
- ^Massing, Michael (2002-05-04). 'Surprise Best Seller Blames U.S.'The New York Times. New York. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
- ^ Louis Menand, 'Faith, Hope, and Clarity: September 11th and the American Soul,' The New Yorker, September 16, 2002
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9-11_(Noam_Chomsky)&oldid=966404850'